Command Glossary     Unix command   Description Details     ALIAS   Create abbreviations (aliases) for commands alias abbreviation=command Displays a list of all aliases, standard arguments can be used (-a, -l, etc.). To cancel the alias use the unalias command. F.e. alias my_command='ls -al'.     ARCHIE   Change the current directory archie filename Search the Archie database for a file on a FTP site.     AT   Execute a command at a specified time at [-filename][-m] time -filename - Read the command(s) from the file specified. -m = Notify the user by mail when the job is completed. time = The time when the commands are going to be executed.     BC   Use the calculator bc To use decimals, type scale = number (of decimal digits). End the calculator with Ctrl-D.     BG   Execute processes in the background bg [%n] %n = Without this parameter it displays the jobs that are currently executed in the background. With a number the process with the given number is executed in the background. & = At the end of a command starts the process in the background.     CAL   Display the calendar of the current month cal [month][year]     CANCEL   Cancel requests for printing cancel [ -u user] print-request Requests can be cancelled by using the printer-id or by specifying the printer name. -u user = Cancel print jobs that are queued for the specified user.     CAT   Display one or more files cat [-sn] [filenames] If more than one filename is supplied, it is added at the end of the previous file and displayed. -n = Display numbers in ascending order in front of each line. -s = Do not comment about nonexistent files. filenames = The filename(s) in the order that you want them to be displayed.     CD   Change the current directory cd [pathname] Change the current directory to pathname or to root directory if no pathname is given.     CHGRP   Change group name  chgrp groupname filename(s) | directory name(s) Change group of the named file or directory.     CHMOD   Set file access permissions chmod [ugo,+-,rwx] filename | directory name Change mode permissions of the named file(s) or directory(ies). See File permissions for detailed information.     CHOWN   Change owner chown username filename | directoryname Change the owner of a file or directory.     CHSH   Change shell chsh Change the Unix shell you log into.     CLEAR   Clears display clear Clears the display. Only the prompt is displayed.     CMP   Compare files cmp filename filename Compares the named files. If they are equal nothing is returned, otherwise it returns the first character and line where the two files differ.     COMPRESS   Compress file compress [-v] filename Compress the named file. The compressed file gets .Z appended to the filename. -v = Ask for verification after compressing the file.     CP   Copy a file cp oldname newname [-r][-i] pathname (cp index.html index1.html) The cp command allows you to copy files to new files, or copy files and directories to new directories. The command line cp index.html otherdir will copy the file index.html to the directory otherdir. -i = Ask before updating a file or directory that exists in the destination with the same name. -r = To copy a directory including its contents to a new directory, recursive.     CRONTAB   Scheduled files crontab filename [-r][-l][-e] pathname The crontab command allows you to run, delete or edit scheduled tasks. -l = lists your currently scheduled tasks. -r = deletes all currently scheduled tasks. -e = edit your scheduled tasks.     DATE   List current date and time date     DF   Disk space info df [-k] [filesystem] Shows disk space available on the system. -k = Use 1024 byte blocks instead of the default 512. filesystem = If omitted displays the amount of disk space used and available on all mounted filesystems.     DU   Disk space info du [-aks] [filename | directoryname] Shows how much disk space is being used up by folders. -a = Shows counts for all files encountered, not only directories. -k = Use 1024 byte blocks instead of the default 512. -s = Don't display space usage of subdirectories.     DIFF   Display the differences between two text files diff textfile1 textfile2     ECHO   Output string echo characterstring Displays the character string to the standard output device.     EXIT   Exit system exit Exit the system or logout.     FG   Execute processes in the foreground fg [%n] %n = Without this parameter it restarts the job that is currently executed in the background. With a number the process with the given number is restarted in the foreground. & = At the end of a command starts the process in the foreground.     FILE   File classification file filename(s) Shows information about the file type of the filename(s).     FIND   Search command find directorypath(s) searchpattern action(s) Search the specified directorie(s) for files that satisfy the search pattern and act on them according to the action(s) parameter. Search-patterns -name filename = search for files with the specified filename. - size n = search for files of n blocks (usually 512 or 1024 bytes). - links n = search for files with n links. - atime n = search for files that have been last accessed before n days. - mtime n = search for files that have been last modified before n days. - newer filename = search for files that have been modified more recently than the specified file. Actions - print = display the path(s) of the files found. - exec command = run command for each file found - ok command = as exec, but it asks for approval before the action. Notes Search patterns can be combined. ! = negation -o = logical OR One or more search patterns are combined using logical AND. (  ) or \  \ = these can be used to define groups of search patterns.     FINGER   User info finger emailaddress Shows more information about a user.     FTP   FTP to a site ftp hostname (or IP address) Connects to a FTP site.     GCC   Compile source code gcc option filename Compile source code into a file.     GOPHER   Connect to Gopher gopher Use the Gopher database browser.     GREP   Search in a file grep [-c,-n,-i,-v,-w,-y] pattern [filename(s)] Search for a string in a file or files. -c = displays only the number of lines that match. -n = displays the line number in front of every displayed line. -i = ignore case. -v = displays all other lines except those lines that match. -w = matches whole words only. -y = case independent pattern matching, lower case letters in pattern will also match upper case letters in the input.     GZIP   Compress a file gzip filename Compress a file.     HEAD   Display head of a file head [-n] filename(s) Display the first n lines of the named file(s). If no number is given the first 10 lines are displayed. -n = the number of lines to display from the top of the file.     HOSTNAME   Display hostname hostname Display the name of the host machine.     IRC   Connect to IRC irc hostname (or IP address) Connect to an Internet Relay Chat host.     JOBS   Display active processes jobs     KILL   Terminate process kill [-signr] process_ID Terminate the process with the specified process ID. -9 = send a definite kill signal.     LOGOUT   Logs off the system logout     lprint Print a file lprintd Abort a print job lprintq List the print queue           LS   List files in the current directory ls [-CFRR*acdglrstu] [list of filenames or directories] The -a switch will include hidden files (hidden files in UNIX begin with a dot (.)), the current directory and parent directory entries (. and .. respectively). You can combine switches by placing them one after the other (ls -la, etc..) -C = list entries in columns. -F = list directories with /. -R = list subdirectories as well. -R* = list subdirectories 2 levels below current directory. -a = list all entries, including files with a dot (.htaccess, etc..). -c = sort entries by last modified date. -d = list directories only. -g = list hidden files and directories. -l = list in long format (mode, no of links, owner, group, size, and modified date). -r = list in reverse order. -s = list size in 1024 byte blocks. -t = sort contents by time of last modified date. -u = use time of last access (not last modified date) for sorting (with -t) or printing onscreen (with -l).     MAKE   Compile source code make command Compile a source code.     MAKEFILE   Compile source code file make filename Compile a source code into a file.     MAN   Read the help man command Shows the help on the entered command, f.e. man ls, man chmod, etc. To search for some text, press the forward-slash (/) key and type the text you want to search for. If you want to run a program that's in your current directory, you'll need to put a dot-slash (./) in front of the program name.     MKDIR   Create a directory mkdir directoryname, mkdir -i directoryname To create a directory in the current directory, type mkdir followed by the directory name. To delete a directory and all its contents, use rm -r directoryname. The -i parameter will make the system prompt you before deleting a file or directory. If the directory is empty, you can also delete it using the rmdir command.     MORE   List a file more filename View a file with a pause after every full screen.     MV   Rename a file mv oldname newname     PASSWORD   Change password password Change the administrator password.     PICO   Edit a file pico filename An easy to use text editor.     PINE   A mailer program pine An easy to use mailer program.     PWD   What is the current directory pwd     RM   Delete/remove a file rm filename To delete a single file, use rm filename.     RMDIR   Remove a directory rmdir directoryname, rm -r directoryname ( to delete folders with its files).     RZ   Receive a file rz Receive a file using Zmodem.     SZ   Send a file sz filename Send a file using Zmodem.     TAIL   Show last lines of a file tail filename Show the last few lines of a file.     TALK   Page user to chat talk username Pages the user for a chat, the user is an e-mail address.     TAR   Archive files tar filename Create or extract multiple file archives. Other methods are lharc, lzh, and lha, but these methods may not be present on your system.     TIN, TRN   Connect to Usenet tin, trn Connect to Usenet newsgroups.     TELNET   Connect telnet hostname (or IP address) Connect to an Internet web site.     DOS2UNIX   Conversion of text files dos2unix filename newname Strips the carriage returns (CR) from the DOS text file.   UNIX2DOS   Conversion of text files unix2dos filename newname Adds the carriage returns (CR) to the Unix text file.     WHO   Who is logged in? who Shows who is logged into the local system.   W   Who is logged in and what are they doing? w Shows who is logged into the local system and what they are doing.     WRITE   Write to a user write username Write to a user on the local system (CTRL-C to end it).     ZIP   Compress to zip zip username Compress to zip for IBM files.

Detailed Listing of Test PC's & Equipment